Category: Communication

Within the play Macbeth is faced with many trials and tribulations that show us his ever changing state of mind.  Through Macbeth, his manhood is constantly questioned by Lady Macbeth who shows herself to be, in private, an evil and dominant character over Macbeth, for she does not believe that Macbeth has the cruel heart needed to rule as king however she knows she does. The constant narration of Macbeth’s fear, dictated by Lady Macbeth troubles him.

We first see this within Act 2 when Macbeth makes the decision to kill Duncan, after he has been told he shall be king by the witches. Before he does so he cries out “Starts, hide your fires, Let not light see my black and deep desires,” this is a plea to heaven by Macbeth and for God(the stars) to look away and not let him be judged by his killing of Duncan(killing Duncan is also the black and deep desires). Not only does he ask for “the stars” to look away but also he asks himself to look away, “The eye wink at the hand. Yet let that be, which the eye fears when it is done to see“. Macbeth knows what he is doing is treason but he shows in denial that it is wrong.

In Act 2 scene 1 Macbeth creates a justification before committing murder, “Is this a dagger which I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee. I have thee not, and yet I see thee still.” What this is saying is that from his imagination Macbeth has created a dagger, “The handle toward my hand?” which draws him to the perception that he can blame his treason on a dagger. That its handle was facing him telling him to do it, but we know it to be a figment of his mind.

Not only is Macbeth’s deteriorating state of mind shown through what he says but also by how he says it. Shakespeare uses iambic pentameter throughout the play, and only breaks this if the person speaking is of lower status e.g. a servant. However this technique was used first on Lady Macbeth when she is seen sleep-walking by the doctor and her gentlewoman. At points through this Lady Macbeth outbursts “Out, damn’d spot! out, I say! One; two: why, then ’tis time to do’t. Hell is murky. Fie, my lord, fie, a soldier, and afeard? What need we fear who knows it, when none can call our pow’r to accompt? Yet who would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him?” This quote is all said in broken text with no rhythm as Lady Macbeth almost reveals to the two onlookers of their plot of the kings demise. This technique is also used to instantly show us how distraught Macbeth is, with one of the opening lines being “To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow,“. Almost straight away we are told through rhythm that there is a considerable drop in, not his social position but, like Lady Macbeth, a drop in his ability to conduct himself after being hit with wave after wave of conscious and unconscious trauma through him controlling the end of other character’s lives.

Shakespeare also uses dramatic irony in his play to tell the audience a new part to the story or to let us see things that characters cant. In Act 3 scene 4, after Macbeth is told that Banquo’s sons shall be kings and so in taking precautions he has Banquo killed by “the murderers”, the ghost of Banquo has appeared in the great banquette hall in Macbeth’s seat. However, only Macbeth can see his once best and most trusted friend whom he had killed sat there. This is our first experience, in the case of Macbeth, to see dramatic irony used to physically show Macbeth’s state of mind rather than it be through verse after verse of soliloquy.

Paradoxes become common place

Macbeths views are, first that he is interested and wants to know more “would they had stayed”. Once he has learned that he is actually Thane of Cawdor, his interest turns to a belief that this may well be true and that he is going to be king, this leads him to question whether he will have to do something (kill the king) to take the throne or as he became the thane of Cawdor maybe this is something that will just happen “if chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me, without my stir”

Banquo takes the view that this is not something that is important or that should be believed and it is not true what they are hearing, but rather it is the devil seeking to influence them “the instruments of darkness tell us truths, win us with honest trifles, the betray us in deepest consequence”. 

“As two spent swimmers, that do cling together And choke their art.”

Meaning: The two swimmers are actually representing the armies of Macdonwald and King Duncan. They “cling” to each other, this means that although both armies are fighting against each other they are so tired that they are looking to one another for resting support. “they choke their art” gives us the impression that their “art” is of course battle and the fight, however as they try and cling to each other they spoil that skill of the fight.

Modern Translation:  The two swimmers dead from exhaustion use one another for personal and competitive gain, their work and skill deteriorates and becomes wasted efforts.

“And fortune, on his damned quarrel smiling”

  Meaning: Fortune is luck and it is seen as on Macdonwald’s side and is personified with a damned smile.

 Modern Translation: Macdonwald has his advantage, it sits patiently upon his brow with a violent driven smile.

The convict tells Pip to get a file and  wittles from Joes workshop as to break through his chains and leg irons:  “You bring me, to-morrow morning early, that file and them wittles. You bring the lot to me, at that old Battery over yonder. You do it, and you never dare to say a word or dare to make a sign concerning your having seen such a person as me, or any person sumever, and you shall be let to live.”

Pips description of his upbringing with his sister and joe:  “knowing her to have a hard and heavy hand, and to be much in the habit of laying it upon her husband as well as upon me”

The “Tickler”:  “Tickler was a wax-ended piece of cane, worn smooth by collision with my tickled frame.”

Pip asks what Magwitch was brought up to be? (warmint = vermin):  “A warmint, dear boy.”
He answered quite seriously, and used the word as if it denoted some profession.”

Wemmick telling Pip not to invest his money into Herbert’s business:  “Choose your bridge, Mr. Pip,” returned Wemmick,

Buddy questioning Pips reasons to go after Estella:  “Do you want to be a gentleman, to spite her or to gain her over?”

Chapter XXI: Wemmick introduces Pip to Herbert Pocket. Herbert and Pip immediately decide their liking towards one another. Herbert is described in a way making him seem very enthusiastic, Pip feels that the two are in fact extremely different in their personalities, where Herbert is quite an extrovert, Pip is easily described as an introvert,we also learn that Herbert is an impoverished gentleman who hopes to become a shipping merchant in the future whereas Pips future is set out for him by the money he receives by his mysterious benefactor . They soon realize, that they have met before, Herbert turns out to be the pale young boy that Pip fought in the garden at Satis House when he was younger.

Chapter XXII: Pip asks Herbert to help him learn to be a gentleman and Herbert agrees, Herbert subtly corrects Pip’s poor table manners, then the two decide to live together. eventually Herbert gives Pip the nickname “Handel,” and tells him the whole story of Miss Havisham, and how and as young girl, her family fortune was misused by her half brother, she fell in love with a man of lower class than her own and agrees to marry him. However she was played by him and her half brother, then on their wedding day the man didn’t appeared instead she was sent a note which she received at twenty minutes to nine same the time she later stopped all her clocks. At some later point, Miss Havisham adopted Estella, but Herbert does not know when or where.

Para 1. Opening paragraph: This paragraph describes the amount of money($20 billion) that McDonald’s spends yearly, and how they show themselves to be a “caring” and “green” company which is also a “fun place to eat.”  It says that behind the smiling face of Ronald McDonald are “lies” and “the reality”. These “realities” are of how the McDonald’s franchise is only interested in money and will sell to whoever and whatever they can, “just like all multinationals”. McDonalds is creating a controlled by the fast food industry and is destroying local communities.

Para 2. Promoting Unhealthy Food:

chapter XX: Pip is taken to London by Jaggers and is introduced to Wemmick, Jaggers’ clerk. the shear size of London amazes Pip and he is told of places such as Smithfield and Hammersmith he also notices the top of St. Pauls cathedral over the high walls of what a stranger tells him is Newgate prison. Pip finds out that Jaggers is a powerful man. the cues of people standing and waiting to talk to him outside his office.

chapter XXI: Pip is introduced to Herbert Pocket, the son of Pip’s tutor. Herbert will be whom Pip stays with whilst he is in London. Pip quickly learns that Herbert is cheerful and very open which is quite the opposite to Pips new found awkwardness. soon after the two gentlemen have become friends they find that they have met before, Herbert pocket was in fact the young,pale boy who Pip fought in the garden at Miss Havisham’s.

Eddie Jones’s first victory as England head coach was notable for the bullocking efforts of Billy Vunipola, a sterling 80-minute shift from tighthead Dan Cole, well-finished tries from George Kruis and Jack Nowell, and a promising Test debut in the final quarter from Jack Clifford. It was never going to be a pretty contest and the strength England were able to deploy off the bench also boded well. Whether George Ford and Owen Farrell are a long–term 10–12 Test combination remains open to debate – more evidence is required – but this result will give England’s players a substantial confidence boost. Beat Italy and Jones’s side would then have two subsequent home games against Ireland and Wales in which to reinforce their title credentials. They will certainly want to avoid losing twice to the Welsh at Twickenham inside six months. Robert Kitson

Pip decides that if he his to go to london he must look the part, so he makes his way to the tailors to get a new suit. he interrupts the tailor,Mr.Trabb, who is eating his breakfast and tells him he is going to London. Mr.Trabb stops what he is doing, congratulates and grovels over Pip. the tailor also is constantly shouting ans screaming at his servant boy, “Are you bringing numbers five and eight, you vagabond or shall I kick you out of the shop and bring them myself?”. After Pip has bought all of his new things he meets Mr. Pumblechook, who now older Pip refers to as just Pumblechook. mr. Pumblechook then continues to smother Pip with this great affection with food, and kind words, he also speaks as though he is responsible for Pips great fortune, and as though he should get something in return.